Types of Solar Panels in India

Solar panels are the most essential components of any solar power system. There are mainly four types of solar panels commonly used for both rooftop and ground-based solar power installations in India:

Solar panels perform best when exposed to direct sunlight. For that to happen, modules get mounted at an angle facing the south. This is where solar panel mounting structures / frames come into play. Solar Mounting Structures are critical components that ensure the efficiency of a solar power system in both utility (ground-mounted) and rooftop applications. These frameworks allow panels to rest comfortably at the right angle which helps in maximizing energy generation.

Since mounting structures affect the overall generation, efficiency, and durability of the system, it is crucial to select the right one for your needs. It is also vital to ensure that the structure is stable and can withstand wind, hail, rain, snow, and even moderate earthquakes.

Frames are made either of steel or aluminium or a mixture of both. Solar projects in India use a variety of solar mounting technologies and designs, like Rooftop solar mounting structures, ground solar mounting structures, carports, and sun tracker solutions.

Most solar structures have no moving parts. However, solar tracking structures have moving parts, with either single-axis dual-axis rotation. This makes them more efficient, and help generate electricity during morning and evening hours. But these are 15-20% more expensive, require a lot more space to install, and also require regular monitoring and maintenance.

A typical mounting structure consists of vertical Legs, which are fixed to the ground, and carry the entire load of the structure. On top of the legs, there are horizontal beams called Purlins. On top of purlins are the Rafters, which are inclined at an angle to orient the solar panels in the South direction. Solar Panels are mounted on the rafters and are held to the rafters using nuts and bolts.

There are five primary types of solar mounting structures.
1. RCC Roof Mounts
2. Shed Mounts
3. Ground Mounts
4. Solar Carports

RCC Roof Mounting Structure

RCC stands for Reinforced cement concrete. These kinds of mounting structures are used to install solar panels over concrete rooftops. Roof-mounted racks reduce the distance between the solar array and the solar inverter. In doing so, it decreases the amount of wiring required, which prevents DC losses. These are the most common types of installations in the residential and commercial segments.

But these kinds of mounting structures require roof penetration. If the area where the mounting structure is drilled into the roof is not sealed properly, it can lead to roof leaks.

Another downside of roof-mounted structures is that if the roof orientation and angle are not appropriate, your system will waste a lot of energy. You must ensure that there is no shade from trees or other structures that can obstruct sunlight.

When your home or building has enough room for all the solar panels you need, roof mounts are ideal. These racks can also be used in conjunction with a solar tracker.

Pros:

• Lower Installation Costs
• Easy to maintain
• Use un-utilized roof space for energy generation
• Protect the roof underneath

Cons:

• Require roof penetration
• Roof should be shadow free and provide space for the correct orientation
• Difficult to scale up the system

Shed Mounts

Shed mount structures are similar RCC ground mount, as they are used on rooftops that are covered by sheds or on warehouses. These weight of these structures is not supported by the rooftop, but by the shed itself.

Such installations make it possible to turn underutilized shed space into clean energy-generating spots. However, before installation it is important to determine that the shed can carry the weight of the solar panels.

Pros:

• Easier to Install compared to RCC mounted strutctures
• Utilize underused spaces for energy generation

Cons:

• May require extra strengthening of the shed to enable extra weight carrying capability

Ground Mounting Structure

Ground mounts place solar panels on the grounds of your property. This is an ideal solution if your roof lacks space for a roof mount or is excessively shadowed by trees.

The disadvantage is that ground-mounted constructions are vulnerable to vandalism, dirt, leaves, and snow accumulation at the bottom of the array. As a result, ground-mounted racks should only be used in secure areas that are clean and stable (with little snow or dirt on the ground).

Pros:

• Allow for higher power generation
• Can accommodate higher capacity
• No house modifications are required
• Easier to install tracking systems

Cons:

• High cost of installation
• Require shadow-free land space
• Susceptible to vandalism and accumulation of dirt under panels

Carport Mounting Structure

Carport structures are very similar to ground-mounted solar structures. The only major difference is that unlike the latter, carports are installed at a considerable height to allow car parking space underneath.

Such installations make it possible to turn underutilized real estate into clean energy-generating spots. It is also easy to integrate these types of solar plants with in-built electric vehicle (EV) charging stations.

These structures are suitable for both residential and commercial consumers. Solar carports also look incredibly sleek and enhance the aesthetics of the space.

Pros:

• Easy to Maintain
• Utilize underused spaces for energy generation
• Provide dual function of energy generation and shade

Cons:

• Require shadow-free land space for set up

DC cables or wires are used to connect the solar panels with each other, and to the DC junction boxes. These cables are different from AC cables, as they are mostly used in the open and are exposed to heat and rain.

DC cables are also used to connect the DC junction boxes to the inverters. Before installing any solar power system, it is important to determine the correct DC cables for each part of the system. This will ensure that the system is both safe, and at the same time, isn’t unnecessarily costly.

It is also very important that while connecting solar panels with each other or connecting DC cables to the junction boxes, extreme care is taken to use the right connectors and the connection is done firmly to ensure there are no loose joints.

Once the technician has made all the connections, the supervisor must manually inspect each and every connection to ensure there are no loose connections and no unnecessarily hanging cables.

DCDB, or Direct Current Distribution Board is a junction box, whose purpose is to protect expensive inverters from direct and indirect lightning surges travelling from solar panels through its connected cables.

DCDB typically consists of a box that contains DC fuses, surge protection device (SPD), DC MCB / Isolators.

A good quality DCDB box is usually made of a polycarbonate enclosure and is IP65 compliant such that it is a dust, vermin, and waterproof enclosure.

The box will provide multiple MC4 connectors for suitable multiple entry points and exit point for appropriate size of incoming cables and outgoing cable.

Before installation, the engineer will decide the appropriately rated DCDB box with the correct fuse, SPD and MCB ratings for the application.

A solar inverter or photovoltaic (PV) inverter is a type of power inverter which converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network.

It is a critical component in a solar power system, enabling the user to use ordinary AC-powered equipment. Solar power inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.

1. Stand-alone inverters - used in stand-alone power systems where the inverter draws its DC energy from batteries charged by photovoltaic arrays. Many stand-alone inverters also incorporate integral battery chargers to replenish the battery from an AC source when available. Normally these do not interface in any way with the utility grid, and as such are not required to have anti-islanding protection.

2. Grid-tie inverters - which match phase with a utility-supplied sine wave. Grid-tie inverters are designed to shut down automatically upon loss of utility supply, for safety reasons. They do not provide backup power during utility outages.

3. Battery backup inverters - are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger, and export excess energy to the utility grid. These inverters are capable of supplying AC energy to selected loads during a utility outage, and are required to have anti-islanding protection.

4. Intelligent hybrid inverters - manage photovoltaic array, battery storage and utility grid, which are all coupled directly to the unit. These modern all-in-one systems are usually highly versatile and can be used for grid-tie, stand-alone or backup applications but their primary function is self-consumption with the use of storage.

ACDB, or Alternating Current Distribution Board is a junction box, whose purpose is to combine the output 3-phase OR single-phase AC power of inverter into a single box called ACDB.

ACDB can be both indoor type (typically IP52 rated) or outdoor type (typically IP65 or IP67 rated).

ACDB can be of various types – floor standing, wall mounted, stand mounted. The choice is based on the system load and type of application.

ACDB can be either made of a polycarbonate box or an MS box.

ACDBs come with a package of protection devices such as surge protection device (SPD), MCCB/fuse and MCB/isolator. It protects the electrical circuit from travelling surges, overload, and short circuits as well as human personnel from earth leakage fault which can be fatal.

Typically an Energy meter is installed along with an ACDB, in which one can read the generated power and current generation values like current, voltage, power factor.

The specifications and ratings of the ACDB Boards vary according to load and inverter capacity.

A separate transformer is typically required in MW scale grid-connected power plants to convert the voltage produced by the Solar power plant to the voltage required by the Electricity Grid. Typically, the voltage generated by the power plant is low compared to the grid voltage, and hence a step-up transformer is required.

The specifications of the transformer are decided by the plant’s power generation capacity in MW, and the voltage at which the power is being produced.

Following are the different types of transformers:

• Step-up or boost transformer: Increases the voltage level from production side to the distribution side.
• Buck-boost transformer: Can step-up or step-down voltage depending on the system requirements.
• Autotransformer: Can step-up or step-down voltage depending on the system requirements.
• Liquid-filled transformer: Can be manufactured and tested with mineral oil or ester fluids.
• Dry-type transformer: An energy efficient transformer.
• Current transformer: Measures electric current by producing a reduced current proportional to the current in its primary circuit.

For grid-connected, ground-mounted solar power plants, a typical transformer will be a Three phase Oil-immersed, pad mounted, substation power transformer.

When connecting to the grid, the inverter needs to sense voltage imbalances from the utility. The vector grouping of the transformer plays a key role in this.

There are many leading Indian companies manufacturing reliable Transformers for Solar Power applications.

In 2015, the Government of India set a huge renewable energy capacity target of 175 gigawatts (GW) by 2022, for transitioning to a low-carbon pathway. Of this, 40 GW was expected to be achieved through decentralized and rooftop scale solar projects. According to a report by IEEFA, the share of rooftop solar to-date is just 14 per cent of the cumulative solar installation in India.

This is well below the run-rate anticipated by the Government of India’s ambitious 2015 renewable energy plan. The increased adoption of rooftop solar in Indian states can be attributed to high-retail tariffs for C&I consumers, favourable net metering policies, corporate social responsibility programs and increased consumer awareness. Based on a report by CEEW, published in November 2019, 17 states have currently implemented net metering, whereas 19 states have implemented both net metering and gross metering.

Net metering
The user consumes electricity generated by the rooftop solar system and excess electricity is injected into the grid. For any additional requirement over and above the solar generation, energy can be imported from the grid. At the end of the settlement period, the consumer pays only for the net imported electricity from the grid (Discom), i.e., the difference between solar energy generated and total energy consumed over the billing period.

Gross metering
In gross metering, total electricity generated by the solar system is injected into the grid, and consumer imports electricity from the grid for consumption at retail tariff. At the end of the settlement period, consumer is compensated for the electricity exported to the grid at Feed-in-Tariff (FiT), as determined by the state commission.

A lightning arrester is a device, consisting of a spiked rod, an electric wire and grounding rods, used on electric power transmission and telecommunication systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrester, in most cases to earth.

In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrester is placed where wires enter a structure, preventing damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of individuals near them. Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called surge arresters, are devices that are connected between each conductor in power and communications systems and the earth. These prevent the flow of the normal power or signal currents to ground, but provide a path over which high-voltage lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment. Their purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communications or power line is struck by lightning or is near to a lightning strike.

If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands of kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to transformers and other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power lines can damage electrical home appliances or even cause death.

Almost all solar power plants, including 1-2kW rooftop solar and upto MW scale ground-mounted solar power plants need to install lightning arrestors to ensure safety of the solar power system.

Solar Panel Earthing: A Key Safety Measure

Several safety aspects need to be considered before installing solar power. One such feature is the earthing of solar panels.

What is Earthing?

Earthing, also known as grounding, is a safety mechanism where electrical energy is discharged to the ground with the help of low-resistance wires. It protects human lives and electrical equipment from sudden surges of voltage and lightning strikes.

In the case of solar plants, specific parts of solar equipment are connected to the ground, having no electrical potential. Earth has zero electrical potential, and any stray charges can be easily discharged to it without causing any harm.

Benefits of Earthing in Solar System:

• Protects equipment from damage due to sudden surges in voltage
• Improves the lifespan of PV modules by protecting them from lightning
• Protects people from the risk of electric shocks
• Helps equipment function efficiently by avoiding any degradation in quality

Equipment Protected by Earthing

• Solar panels: Panels are a prominent part of a solar energy system. The most commonly used panels are made up of photovoltaic (PV) cells.
• Inverter: Converts DC electricity produced by solar panels into electricity used by homes and industries.
• Structure: Secures the panels to the roof or ground.
• Batteries: Store energy generated by the panels for use during power outages or at night.
• System disconnects: Electrical switches that control the solar system's power output.

Why Earthing?

• Protects equipment such as inverters and panels from high voltage surges.
• Ensures safety for personnel working around solar power plants from electrical shocks.
• Prevents damage caused by lightning.
• Mitigates interference from electromagnetic fields, ensuring plant efficiency.
• Maintains the functionality of solar systems over time.
• Legally mandated for safe working conditions for both equipment and people.

Types of Earthing for Solar Installations:

• Pipe Earthing: Uses galvanized steel pipes buried deep in the ground to connect to electrical conductors.
• Mat Earthing: Involves burying an earth mat made of metallic conductors in the soil, joining horizontal and vertical electrodes.
• Plate Earthing: Copper or G.I. plates are buried deep in the ground to prevent static charges and stray currents.
• Marconite Earthing: A safe and efficient method using low-resistance copper earth electrodes mixed with marconite substance, cement, and water.

Bottom Line:

Proper earthing is essential for the safety and longevity of solar power systems. It helps protect both equipment and personnel, ensuring smooth operation and compliance with legal requirements. Ensure your solar system has adequate earthing by consulting a professional installer.

Power Plant Controller (PPC) in Solar PV Plants

A Power Plant Controller (PPC) is used to regulate and control the networked inverters, devices, and equipment at a solar PV plant to meet specified setpoints and adjust grid parameters at the Point of Interconnect (POI). Operators can communicate these setpoints and parameters to the PPC either directly or, more commonly, through a SCADA system.

Essentially, a PPC controls plant behavior in terms of production levels, revenue, compliance, and grid stability. Though requirements vary, most PPCs regulate parameters like:

• Voltage
• Frequency
• Steady state real power output level
• Reactive power
• Active power
• Power factor
• Ramp control

Maintenance and Monitoring via PPC

With a PPC, plant operators can perform activities such as:

• Remote starts and stops
• Troubleshooting actions on inverters, trackers, breakers, and other equipment to assist field technicians

When is a PPC Required?

Utility/MW-scale plants that have Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and Interconnect Agreements (IAs) typically require a PPC to perform specific tasks like curtailment or power factor control. Lower MW sites generally allow the inverters and plant equipment to self-regulate without the need for a PPC.

PLC vs. PC-based Controller

A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is hardware that controls devices or processes using pre-programmed logic, while a PC-based controller is software installed on a server or PC. SCADA controllers, which are PLC-based, are more common in the market due to their reliability, especially in maintaining compliance with PPA or IA requirements, even if a server goes down.

Key Functions of a PPC

Active Power Control (APC)

If a plant needs to reduce its output (e.g., from 100MW to 50MW), the operator can enter the new setpoint via the SCADA system, prompting the PPC to interact with the field inverters and ramp down production to the new level.

Steady State Real Power Output

PPC technology ensures the plant meets curtailment set-points, optimizing revenue and maintaining grid stability, even when shading or other conditions affect the array's output.

Real Power Output Ramp Rate

PPC controls the plant’s ramp rate, helping grid operators manage system frequency by limiting ramp-up or ramp-down rates of solar plants, particularly when the solar resource fluctuates due to cloud cover or during sunrise/sunset periods.

Frequency Response

PPC helps solar PV plants maintain grid stability by responding to frequency events. PPC can adjust the entire plant's output to meet over- or under-frequency requirements, ensuring compliance with grid regulations.

Power Factor/Reactive Power Control

PPC allows operators to manage reactive power and control the power factor within the specified range, ensuring the plant meets grid compliance standards for power factor (e.g., 0.95 leading/lagging).

Automatic Voltage Regulation

PPC manages voltage by regulating reactive power, ensuring the plant stays within the grid's voltage range. This helps maximize real power output while preventing excessive reactive power.

VAR Control

VAR control is the regulation of direct reactive power from the solar plant and inverters, expressed in kVARs or MVARs, helping maintain grid stability.

Manual vs. Automated Control

Most control functions in a solar plant can be automated, but certain tasks, like closing breakers at substations or troubleshooting specific inverters, should be done manually (either in person or via SCADA).

Tuning Enhancements

If, after the plant is online, issues arise (e.g., ramping too slowly or voltage not meeting setpoints), tuning enhancements can be applied to adjust the controls. Utility updates or changing requirements may also necessitate tuning adjustments to ensure ongoing compliance.

LT and HT Connections in Solar Power Plants

Typically, any solar power plant contains Low Tension (LT) and/or High Tension (HT) connection systems. Rooftop systems consist of only LT systems, whereas utility/MW-scale ground-mounted systems use both LT and HT connection systems.

The primary difference between LT and HT connections in solar power lies in the voltage of the electricity supply:

• Low Tension (LT) connections are used for residential and commercial buildings with a voltage of 400/415/440 volts (3-phase) or 230 volts (1-phase). In utility-scale plants, LT systems are used for internal connections. For rooftop systems, LT systems are used for connecting to the grid.
• High Tension (HT) connections are used for industrial and utility-scale plants, with voltages below 33 kV. In utility-scale plants, HT systems connect to the grid.

Key Differences Between LT and HT Connections

Feature	LT Connection	HT Connection
Tariff Structure	LT consumers typically pay a lower tariff rate.	HT consumers generally pay a higher tariff rate.
Consumption Charges	LT consumers consume fewer units of electricity.	HT consumers consume larger units of electricity.
Cables	LT cables are lighter, cheaper, and easier to install and maintain.	HT cables are bulkier, more expensive, and require additional safety precautions.
Capacitors	LT systems typically do not need high power capacitors.	HT systems require high power capacitors to manage HT interconnections.

Types of Solar Batteries and Their Costs

When shopping for solar batteries for your home solar power system, there are several factors to consider. The two most important are the type of battery and what you expect to get from it.

There are four types of solar batteries:

• Lead Acid Batteries
• Lithium Ion Batteries
• Nickel-Based Batteries
• Flow Batteries

Let’s take a closer look at each of these battery types to help you choose the right one for your solar system.

1. Lead Acid Batteries

Lead acid batteries are the oldest technology, known for their reliability and low cost.

Best for: Off-grid solar systems or emergency backup storage.

2. Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are more expensive but offer greater energy density and a longer lifespan. They are widely used in residential solar systems.

Best for: Residential installations due to their efficiency and space-saving size.

3. Nickel-Cadmium Batteries

Nickel cadmium batteries, although less common, are known for their durability and ability to operate in extreme temperatures. They are popular in large-scale solar applications.

Best for: Commercial and utility-scale projects.

4. Flow Batteries

Flow batteries are an emerging technology. Their large size and high cost make them suitable mainly for large-scale projects.

Best for: Large-scale solar installations.

DC-Coupled vs AC-Coupled Solar Batteries

Solar batteries come in two main types: DC-coupled and AC-coupled. The main difference is how they integrate with your solar system. DC-coupled batteries are more efficient, while AC-coupled batteries are easier to install in existing systems.

How to Choose the Right Solar Battery

For most homeowners, the best option is a lithium-ion battery because of its efficiency, lifespan, and low maintenance needs. However, if you are on a tight budget, lead-acid batteries could be a more affordable alternative.

What is a Solar Charge Controller?

A solar charge controller is an electronic device used in off-grid and hybrid off-grid solar systems. It regulates the current and voltage from PV arrays to batteries and electrical loads (such as lights, fans, surveillance cameras, etc.). A solar charge controller helps protect batteries by preventing overcharging, ensuring they remain at a high state of charge and prolonging their lifespan.

A good quality solar charge controller can significantly extend battery life, while a poor one may lead to battery failure and cause the entire off-grid system to shut down. Solar charge controllers are also known as solar charge regulators.

What Does a Solar Charge Controller Do?

Solar charge controllers are essential in off-grid solar systems to prevent overcharging and gassing of batteries. They help maintain the battery's charge level, extending its lifespan and delivering proper current and voltage to electrical loads.

If the PV array is connected to batteries without a charge controller, it could deliver too much power, causing damage to both the batteries and electrical loads.

How Does a Solar Charge Controller Work?

Solar charge controllers use two primary technologies:

• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
• Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

These technologies regulate the current and voltage from the solar array to charge the battery safely during the day. At night, when there’s no sunlight, the controller allows the battery to power the connected loads.

Types of Solar Charge Controllers

1. MPPT Controllers

MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) controllers are highly efficient, with efficiency rates of up to 98%. They detect real-time maximum voltage and current values from the solar panel and use them to deliver maximum power to the battery. MPPT controllers perform better in cold weather and can handle higher voltage inputs.

Pros:

• High efficiency (up to 98%)
• Work well in cold conditions
• Can handle higher voltages

Cons:

• More expensive than PWM controllers

2. PWM Controllers

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) controllers are smaller and operate at battery voltage, making them best for locations with strong sunshine. However, they are less efficient than MPPT controllers, converting only 75–80% of the solar panel's voltage potential into current.

Pros:

• Smaller and cheaper
• Best for areas with consistent sunlight

Cons:

• Lower efficiency (75–80%)
• Doesn’t fully utilize solar panel voltage potential

Infrastructure for Ground-Mounted Solar Power Plants

Ground-mounted solar power plants require a well-planned infrastructure to ensure efficient operation and easy maintenance. The essential infrastructure components often include the following elements:

Solar Panel Earthing and Safety Aspects

Several safety aspects need to be considered before installing solar power. One such feature is the earthing of solar panels.

What is Earthing?

Earthing, also known as grounding, is a safety mechanism where electrical energy is discharged to the ground with the help of low-resistance wires.

It protects human lives and electrical equipment from sudden surges of voltage and lightning strikes.

In the case of solar plants, specific parts of solar equipment are connected to the ground, having no electrical potential. Earth has zero electrical potential, and any stray charges can be easily discharged to it without causing any harm.

Benefits of Earthing in Solar Systems

• Protects equipment from damage due to sudden surges in voltage
• Improves the lifespan of PV modules by protecting them from lightning
• Protects people from the risk of electric shocks
• Helps equipment function efficiently by avoiding any degradation in quality

Equipment Protected by Earthing

• Solar panels: The panels are a prominent part of a solar energy system. The most commonly used panels are made up of photovoltaic (PV) cells. The PV cell panels are wired to create an electrical circuit for the flow of current.
• Inverter: These are another crucial part of the solar power installation that converts DC electricity produced by the solar panels into electricity used by homes and industries.
• Structure: This is an important component that attaches the panels to the roof or ground securely.
• Batteries: Batteries are used to store the energy generated by the panels to be used in times of power outage and at night when the solar energy system does not generate power.
• System disconnects: These are electrical switches that control the solar system. They help to cut off power output from the solar array.

In the Budget 2024, the Finance Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, announced the launch of the Rooftop Solar Scheme or the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. The Finance Minister said that this scheme will enable 1 crore households to obtain free electricity up to 300 units every month.
The Government will provide subsidies directly to people’s bank accounts and heavily concessional bank loans to ensure that there is very little cost burden on the people, for installing rooftop solar panels for residential houses and using solar energy for electricity generation, thus helping save money on electricity bills.
In addition, surplus electricity generated using rooftop solar can be sold to discoms through net metering.

Eligibility Criteria for Rooftop Solar Scheme:

• Applicants should be residents of India
• Applicants should have their own residence with a roof suitable for installing solar panels.
• Applicants must have a valid electricity connection.
• Applicants should not have availed of any other subsidy for solar panels.

Subsidies

• Up to 2 kW - Rs. 30,000/- per kW
• For additional capacity up to 3 kW - Rs. 18,000/- per kW
• Total subsidy for 3 kW or Larger - Maximum Rs. 78,000/-

Following table explains the subsidy in more detail:

Subsidies for Group Housing Society / Resident Welfare Association:

• Rs. 18,000/- per kW for common facilities,
• including EV charging upto 500kW at Rs. 3/- per kW per house.
• The upper limit includes individual rooftop plants installed by individual residents in the GHS or RWA.

Documents Required:

• Applicant’s ID Proof – Aadhar Card / PAN Card
• Address Proof
• Electricity Bill
• Roof Ownership Certificate

Application Process:

• Visit the official website of PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
• Click on the ‘Apply for Rooftop Solar’ button available on the left-hand side of the homepage
• Click on ‘Registration’ and select the state, district, and electricity distribution company, enter your customer account number, and click on ‘Next’
• Enter your mobile number and email, and click on ‘Proceed’
• Enter the required details on the ‘Apply for Rooftop Solar Installation’ form, upload the documents and click on the ‘Final Submission’ button to submit the form
• After applying for Rooftop Solar, wait for the feasibility approval from DISCOM. Once the feasibility approval gets approved, install the plant through a registered vendor in your DISCOM. You can find the registered vendor near your house by clicking here and entering your state on the search bar of the page
• Submit the plant details and apply for a net meter after the installation is over
• After the installation of the net meter and DISCOM inspection, they will generate a commissioning certificate from the portal
• Once you get the commissioning report, submit your bank account details and a cancelled cheque by logging into the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana portal. You will receive the subsidy in your bank account within 30 days

Indo Renewable Services has an experienced team of solar pv (photo-voltaic) engineers and technicians who have extensive hands-on experience in:

Engineering: Assessing the site, selecting technology, and designing the system
Procurement: Gathering the resources needed for the project, such as equipment and clearances
Construction: Building the solar system at the client's location
Maintenance: Performing regular checks and maintenance to ensure the system is working efficiently
After-sales support: Providing support after the system is delivered

Indo Renewable Services has worked on projects that cater to:

• Rooftop solutions that can range from 1kW to above 25kW
• Ground-mounted solutions for utility scale power supply
• Rooftop OR Ground-mounted solutions for captive power for Industrial usage

Our key USP is:

• Quality, ensuring a Solar PV system that is long lasting, matches customer requirements, and is easy to maintain
• Good network with vendors
• Good network with banks for funding
• Hassle free subsidy disbursement to the client

The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyaan (PM-KUSUM) (C) Scheme is a program by the Government of India's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to solarize grid-connected agricultural pumps. The scheme's goals include:

• Increasing pump capacity - Farmers can double the capacity of their grid-connected pumps in kilowatts (kW) by installing solar photovoltaic (PV).
• Increasing farmer income - The scheme aims to reduce the use of diesel in the farming sector and increase farmers' income.
• Solar Power Plants - Farmers can install grid-connected solar power plants up to 2 megawatts (MW) on their fallow or barren land and sell the excess electricity to local distribution companies (DISCOMs).

The scheme has three components:

Component A: Install small solar power plants with a capacity of up to 2 MW
Component B: Install stand-alone solar-powered agriculture pumps
Component C: Solarize grid-connected agriculture pumps

Note: At present, new projects can apply only under Component C. The central government provides a subsidy of up to 30% of the total cost for installing solar pumps and solarizing existing grid-connected pumps.

Application Process – for Farmers (in Rajasthan):

• Interested farmers / land owners who meet the eligibility criteria can create their login credentials on the https://www.skayrajasthan.org.in/ portal and search for the availability of choice of Circle/ District, Division/ sub division and substation on the portal.
• Once substation is selected, the applicant (farmers / land owners) can register their land on the portal by filling up the online form and uploading all the required documents including Jamabandi on the portal.
• Offered land shall be of clear title, free from litigation and any incumbrances.
• For any false information or legal issues arises at any later stage, the land owner shall be responsible and no compensation / damages shall be paid by Discoms / Developers.
• In case of multiple ownership of one land parcel/ area OR, group of farmers/ land owners intending to register their group of land, all such farmers/ land owners need nominate one of such farmer/ land owner to submit the application on the portal and upload Power of Attorney (PoA) in favor of nominated farmer/ land owner on the portal.
• After submission of the application, land owners/ farmers need to pay the online at the portal itself.
• After successful payment of the , a Unique Registration ID will be generated and the same will be send to the registered mobile number of the applicant.
• One land parcel/ area can be registered against only one substation/ plant location.
• A farmer / land owner can register more than one number of land parcel/ area subject to payment of applicable for each land parcel / area and meeting the condition mentioned at point above.
• Registered applications will be forwarded to the concerned Discom’s field office for the purpose of Joint Survey.
• Discom’s field office shall upload the Joint Survey Report (JSR) along with the broad connectivity line diagram on the portal. In case of any discrepancy, the application will be reported back to the applicant for rectification.
• Any land parcel/ area will be considered successfully registered on the portal only when the JSR and broad connectivity line diagram against the application is uploaded by the Discom’s field office.

Ground Mounted MW scale power plants

Indo Renewable Services Pvt. Ltd. provides the following services for Ground Mounted MW scale power plants:

• Govt. Permissions for starting Solar Projects and commissioning completed projects
• Design, engineering, testing, supply, packing and forwarding, transportation, unloading, storage, installation, and commissioning of Solar Photo Voltaic Plant
• Sourcing of suitable land for SPV projects
• Topographical survey & Geo-Technical investigation of the land
• Site Preparation -grading, clearing of vegetation etc.
• Design and construction of foundation & mounting structure for SPV panels
• Arranging for power supply and water supply for construction purposes
• Construction of inverter stations with Power conditioning unit, associated LT and HT switchgear
• Construction of Central Monitoring and Control Station with switchgear room, SCADA room, Store room, Battery room with all electrical fitting and furniture, security cabin etc.
• All associated electrical and civil works required for interfacing with grid (i.e. transformers, breakers, isolators, panels, protection system, cables. metering as per SLD, Earthing of transformer etc.) and evacuation of power to HV/EHV Pooling station
• Module cleaning system (wet or dry method) including supply and installation of all accessories
• Construction of internal pathways, peripheral boundary wall etc. and any other work as applicable for development of the site
• Comprehensive operation & maintenance of the plant and transmission system following applicable standards, regulations and statutes
• Govt. Permissions for starting Solar Projects and commissioning completed projects
• Design, engineering, testing, supply, packing and forwarding, transportation, unloading, storage, installation, and commissioning of Solar Photo Voltaic Plant
• Sourcing of suitable land for SPV projects
• Topographical survey & Geo-Technical investigation of the land
• Site Preparation -grading, clearing of vegetation etc.
• Design and construction of foundation & mounting structure for SPV panels
• Arranging for power supply and water supply for construction purposes
• Construction of inverter stations with Power conditioning unit, associated LT and HT switchgear
• Construction of Central Monitoring and Control Station with switchgear room, SCADA room, Store room, Battery room with all electrical fitting and furniture, security cabin etc.
• All associated electrical and civil works required for interfacing with grid (i.e. transformers, breakers, isolators, panels, protection system, cables. metering as per SLD, Earthing of transformer etc.) and evacuation of power to HV/EHV Pooling station
• Module cleaning system (wet or dry method) including supply and installation of all accessories
• Construction of internal pathways, peripheral boundary wall etc. and any other work as applicable for development of the site
• Comprehensive operation & maintenance of the plant and transmission system following applicable standards, regulations and statutes

Solar EPC and INC

Solar EPC stands for Engineering, Procurement, and Construction, and refers to a company that provides end-to-end solar energy services

Engineering: Assessing the site, selecting technology, and designing the system
Procurement: Gathering the resources needed for the project, such as equipment and clearances
Construction: Building the solar system at the client's location
Maintenance: Performing regular checks and maintenance to ensure the system is working efficiently
After-sales support: Providing support after the system is delivered

Solar INC stands for Installation and Commissioning, and refers to Installation and Commissioning services only, but material procurement is done by the client directly.

• Site Survey
• Engineering and Design
• Permission and Approval
• Equipment Certification
• Equipment Management
• Project Installation
• Inspection, Approval and Discom Connection
• Commissioning

The Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) Solar Financing Model

Cost

The consumer pays for the equipment, installation, and maintenance of the solar system. This includes solar panels, inverters, batteries, wiring, and labor costs.

Benefits

• The consumer owns the system and keeps all the benefits, including:
• Tax credits and incentives
• Accelerated depreciation
• The ability to sell excess power back to the grid
• Improved property value

Recovery

The consumer can recover their initial investment through monthly electricity savings. This can happen in as little as 5–6 years.

Suitability

The CAPEX model is best for those who have the capital to make the initial investment. It's often used by larger commercial entities and small to medium-sized businesses.

Financing

The consumer can finance the system through a bank or solar loan.

Operation and Maintenance

The consumer can operate and maintain the system themselves or outsource it to a developer.

The Renewable Energy Service Company (RESCO) Model

The RESCO model is a zero-investment approach to solar power that allows consumers to benefit from renewable energy without upfront costs:

RESCO

• The RESCO is a company that owns the solar plant
• The RESCO funds, develops, and installs the solar plant
• The RESCO operates the solar plant
• The RESCO is responsible for the plant's maintenance and repairs
• A tri-partite agreement is signed between RESCO, the consumer, and the DISCOM to provide cheaper power to the consumer

Consumer

• Typical consumers are large offices, malls, hospitals, etc. with enough roof space for at least 50kW capacity or above
• The consumer pays a predetermined monthly rate for the electricity generated by the solar plant
• This rate is usually lower than the current grid electricity tariff
• The consumer only needs to provide the rooftop space for the solar panels
• The rooftop space provided to RESCO is usually rent-free or at a very small nominal rent

Benefits

• The RESCO model helps reduce electricity bills
• Promotes pollution-free power
• Lowers operational risks for the consumer, as the service provider is responsible for the project's maintenance and operation

BOOT

• BOOT stands for Build, Own, Operate, and Transfer
• This is a RESCO model, in which the solar plant is transferred to the consumer at the end of a pre-defined period of 15-20 years